Morality & Ethics Essay

J. M. FINNIS: Rules made, as per regulative legitimate principles, by a determinate and successful position (itself distinguished and standard established as an organization by lawful guidelines) for a ‘complete’ network, and buttressed by sanctions as per the standard guided specifications of adjudicative foundations. [1] NATURALISTS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: A discerning requesting of things which concern the benefit of all, declared by whoever is accused of the consideration of the network. [2] SOCIOLOGISTS ROSCOE POUND: Law is in excess of a lot of theoretical standards, it is likewise a procedure of adjusting clashing interests and protecting the fulfillment of the most extreme needs with the base of grinding. [3] WHAT IS MORALITY? No single definition can be offered to depict what profound quality is, yet by and large ethical quality can be comprehended generally speaking endorsing between what's going on and what's going on. It could likewise mean an estimation of the adequate and unsuitable standard of a given society. Some save terms good and corrupt just for the domain of sexuality and utilize the words moral and exploitative rather than the word moral while talking about how the business and expert networks ought to carry on towards their individuals or toward people in general. [4] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY 1. The presence of unreasonable laws demonstrates that ethical quality and law are not indistinguishable and don't match. 2. The presence of laws that serve to shield fundamental qualities, law and profound quality can cooperate. 3. Laws can state what clear offenses consider off-base and culpable. 4. Laws oversee lead in any event somewhat through dread of discipline. 5. Ethical quality can impact the law as in it can give the motivation to making entire gatherings of corrupt decisions illicit. 6. Law can be an open articulation of profound quality which systematizes in an open manner the fundamental standards of direct which a general public acknowledges. [5] PUBLIC PROSECUTOR v MOHD ROMZAN BIN RAMLI[6] BRIEF EXPLANATION ON THE CASE: Mohd Romzan canister Ramli was charged under the offense of interbreeding under the arrangement of area 376A of the Penal Code-an individual is said to submit inbreeding on the off chance that the individual in question has sex with someone else whose relationship to the person in question is to such an extent that the person in question is disallowed, under the law, religion, custom or use pertinent to the person in question, to wed that individual; and was condemned to six years of detainment and one stroke of rotan under segment 376B(1)- rebuff with detainment between 6 to 20 years and whipping; of a similar Code. The denounced had perpetrated the wrongdoing in the middle of early January 2006 to 26th May 2006 of every a room at his home in Kulai, Johor Bharu, Johor. To a 11-year old young lady, Nurul Atikah bte Abdul Kadir, which is additionally his stepdaughter. In 2006, the young lady had to uncover by the blamed and was upset explicitly by him. He had done the aggravation to her multiple times. Moreover, he undermined her not to tell anybody and had beaten her. Father of the person in question, stopped a police report after he had seen changes in his little girl after he had picked her from his ex-wife’s home. After clinical registration were finished by the specialist, the casualty experienced wounds in her private part and was treated by a therapist. The blamed conceded in front for the judge,Zawawi Salleh in the High Court of Johor Bharu, arraigned by the Deputy Public Prosecutor, Husmin Hussin (Johor, State Legal Advisor Office). In any case, his sentences was changed to eleven years of detainment and three strokes of rotan, after the case was engaged the High Court Of Johor Bharu from the Sessions Court Johor Bharu. The sentences were changed as it was unjustifiable to the casualty by considering her injury and wounds and the open perspectives about this case. Assessment/CONCLUSION In my sentiment, the activity of engaging the judgment made by the Sessions Court of Johor Bharu was an equitable and reasonable choice. Six years of detainment with one stroke of rattan is excessively little contrasted with the wrongdoing. As indicated by John Austin, he characterizes law as an order given by a sovereign who might be a King, committee or parliament. Such an order in his view is sponsored by pressure with the goal that any individual who damages the law, endure the agony gave by law. [7] The charged should be rebuffed for what he had done to the person in question. The casualty was only a little, honest young lady contrasted with him whose effectively mature enough to consider good and bad. Furthermore, disciplines for carried out wrongdoings are not exclusively to rebuff the crooks, it is additionally as a prevention to people in general to not perpetrate a similar wrongdoing as they will be rebuffed as per the law as well. Six years detainment and one stroke of rattan are not adequate enough to dissuade the wrongdoing. As John Austin expressed on for what reason do we need to comply with the law? It is a direct result of the dread of approval. Austin see is the dread by which the law, by its coercive force, strikes in the core of the individuals is the thing that causes individuals to comply with the law. In the event that we expel the component of dread from the law, it would not be obeyed as there would be no discouragement. At the end of the day, if a law is made without authorize, it would be rebelled. [8] Lastly, after the High Court Judge of Johor Bharu condemned the blamed to eleven years for detainment and three strokes of rattan, at exactly that point, the equity can be seen. Bentham alludes equity as most extreme joy of greatest number of individuals. [9] The public’s sees looking into the issue are likewise should be thought of. Least sentences given could create a scene in the general public. Indeed, even Hart referenced that equity is a mutual idea; everyone needs equity seen and done. This is likewise upheld by the point of having law is to keep up harmony and congruity. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ [1] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 178. [2] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 143. [3] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, 1994, International Law Book Services, Kuala Lumpur, page 205. [4] Jacques T. Morals Theory and Practice, (fifth ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, (1995): 3. [5] Basic Observations on Law and Morality. 10 September 2001. Web. 13 August 2012. [6] â€Å"Public Prosecutor v Mohd Romzan receptacle Ramli. † Malayan Law Journal, 22nd January 2012. Web. thirteenth August 2012. . [7] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 72,80,81. [8] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 74. [9] â€Å"Jeremy Bentham. † N. p. Web. fourteenth August 2012. .

The Chemical Composition of White Gold

The Chemical Composition of White Gold White gold is a famous choice to yellow gold, silver, or platinum. A few people favor the silver shade of white gold to the yellow shade of typical gold, yet may see silver as excessively delicate or excessively effectively discolored or the expense of platinum to be restrictive. While white gold contains changing measures of gold, which is consistently yellow, it likewise contains at least one white metals to help its shading and include quality and sturdiness. The most widely recognized white metals that structure the white gold amalgam are nickel, palladium, platinum, and manganese. Here and there copper, zinc or silver are included. Nonetheless, copper and silver structure bothersome hued oxides noticeable all around or on the skin, so different metals are best. The immaculateness of white gold is communicated in karats, equivalent to with yellow gold. The gold substance is normally stepped into the metal (e.g., 10K, 18K). The Color of White Gold The properties of white gold, including its shading, rely upon its arrangement. Albeit a great many people think white gold is a gleaming white metal, that shading is really from the rhodium metal plating that is applied to all white gold gems. Without the rhodium covering, white gold may be dim, dull earthy colored, or even pale pink. Another covering that might be applied is a platinum combination. Regularly platinum is alloyed with iridium, ruthenium, or cobalt to build its hardness. Platinum is normally white. Be that as it may, its more costly than gold, so it might be electroplated onto a white gold ring to improve its appearance without significantly expanding the cost. White gold that contains a high level of nickel will in general be nearest to a genuine white shading. It has a swoon ivory tone however is a lot more white than unadulterated gold. Nickel white gold frequently doesn't require plating with rhodium for shading, despite the fact that the covering might be applied to decrease the occurrence of skin responses. Palladium white gold is another solid composite that might be utilized without a covering. Palladium white gold has a black out dim tinge. Other gold combinations bring about extra shades of gold, including red or rose, blue, and green. Sensitivities to White Gold White gold adornments regularly is produced using a gold-palladium-silver composite or gold-nickel-copper-zinc compound. In any case, around one of every eight individuals experience a response to the nickel-containing amalgam, normally as a skin rash. Most European gems producers and some American gems makers maintain a strategic distance from nickel white gold since combinations made without nickel are less allergenic. The nickel amalgam is regularly experienced in more seasoned white gold adornments and in certain rings and pins, where the nickel creates a white gold that is sufficiently able to face the mileage these bits of gems experience. Keeping up the Plating on White Gold White gold gems that has a platinum or rhodium plating ordinarily cant be resized on the grounds that doing so would harm the covering. The plating on adornments will scratch and wear after some time. A gem specialist can re-plate the thing by evacuating any stones, polishing the metal, plating it, and restoring the stones to their settings. Rhodium plating normally should be supplanted each couple of years. It just takes two or three hours to play out the procedure, at an expense of around $50 to $150.

Official Transcripts and Test Scores COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Official Transcripts and Test Scores COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We have started to get some emails about receipt of official transcripts and test scores so let me provide a bit of guidance.   We receive some test reports electronically and others via mail.   The vast majority are sent to us as electronic files and they are downloaded into a centralized Columbia University computer system.   We then have to sync that system with our admission software.   As you know, applicants self report test scores on the admission application and these are the scores we use for the review â€" not the official reports. The process of getting official test scores into our system can take some time and we are still busy wrapping up the admission review process, managing the message board, preparing for Admitted Student Day, and responding to a flurry of emails on a variety of topics.   If you choose to enroll at SIPA we will need to confirm receipt of official test scores by June 15 so we have plenty of time.   We really do not actively start to undertake this process until after the date to pay a deposit passes (May 2nd). I will provide some updates on the process in the near future and for now, if you feel you have submitted your official test scores and/or transcripts, we would just ask for your patience while we work on integrating this information into our system. The process of submitting official transcripts is straightforward.   If you submitted official transcripts with your admission application rest assured we will be tracking them as official.   If you uploaded unofficial copies of your transcripts to our application Web site, then you will need to send official transcripts to our office by June 15th.   The address to send them to is: Columbia SIPA â€" Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 420 West 118th Street Room 408 â€" International Affairs Building New York, NY 10027 Thanks again for your patience and if you asked that your test scores be reported to SIPA they are likely loaded into our campus mainframe, waiting patiently for us to sync them with our system.

Introduction. Project Management Involves Starting, Planning,

Introduction Project management involves starting, planning, acting, control and the closure of a team’s work so as to achieve specific set objectives. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour which is formulated to give birth to a unique product, service or a result which had fore-shadowed beginning and end. It is usually taken to meet specific goals and objectives which bring out added advantage (Dunne and Dunne, 2011). Financial factors During project the running of a project there are many factors that are considered during its management. Financial factors are some of the ones to be considered. Finance is the most important point for information which may be requested for by the lenders, creditors and the stockholders so as to†¦show more content†¦The budget essentially helps in determining what is to be the total expenditure, how the monies will be allocated to different parts of the project, and also help determine where the funds will come from (Lock and Scott, 2013). This early and systematic financial planning helps in making sure there is no misappropriation of funds. It also ensures that whatever was planned for is what is incurred and ensure no extra funding will arise in the middle of the project which would be a big problem. The factors are also important as they help to determine if the project will yield the expected returns in both the short-term and long-term. Commercial factors These are factors that lead to making of profit. During the inception of the project the organization always has one of its objectives or goals as increase in returns. In the most cases when an organization incepts a new project, its ultimate goal is to increase on the returns after the project is successfully initiated (Melton and Iles-Smith, 2009). The factors here include social, legal, economic and also political. Legal factor is the one which requires the organization to work under certain jurisdictions. 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Tobacco Issues in Public Education Essay - 529 Words

Most teenagers have a better grasp of time then others; while the few can see past the present and see what the future can withhold. â€Å"In 2011, 19% of high school girls and 28% of high school boys used some form of tobacco at least one day in the month before the survey.† (Society) Most juveniles will not get the long term picture; of what the short term effects that transpires on their body. For the respiratory system the short term effects such as, coughing, irritation of the eyes, and throat. One cigarette usually will not kill an individual; but, side effects will occur by using it only once. In reality, the upcoming generation strongly believes that they’re immortal. Growing up and believing nothing is harmful seems to be the static†¦show more content†¦This means no fancy lettering that resembles graffiti or an artistic form of fonts. 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Angels Demons Chapter 49-50 Free Essays

string(73) " they needed some way to tell the scientific community the path existed\." 49 Langdon and Vittoria stood alone now outside the double doors that led to the inner sanctum of the Secret Archives. The decor in the colonnade was an incongruous mix of wall-to-wall carpets over marble floors and wireless security cameras gazing down from beside carved cherubs in the ceiling. Langdon dubbed it Sterile Renaissance. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 49-50 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beside the arched ingress hung a small bronze plaque. ARCHIVIO VATICANO Curatore: Padre Jaqui Tomaso Father Jaqui Tomaso. Langdon recognized the curator’s name from the rejection letters at home in his desk. Dear Mr. Langdon, It is with regret that I am writing to deny†¦ Regret. Bullshit. Since Jaqui Tomaso’s reign had begun, Langdon had never met a single non-Catholic American scholar who had been given access to the Secret Vatican Archives. Il gaurdiano, historians called him. Jaqui Tomaso was the toughest librarian on earth. As Langdon pushed the doors open and stepped through the vaulted portal into the inner sanctum, he half expected to see Father Jaqui in full military fatigues and helmet standing guard with a bazooka. The space, however, was deserted. Silence. Soft lighting. Archivio Vaticano. One of his life dreams. As Langdon’s eyes took in the sacred chamber, his first reaction was one of embarrassment. He realized what a callow romantic he was. The images he had held for so many years of this room could not have been more inaccurate. He had imagined dusty bookshelves piled high with tattered volumes, priests cataloging by the light of candles and stained-glass windows, monks poring over scrolls†¦ Not even close. At first glance the room appeared to be a darkened airline hangar in which someone had built a dozen free-standing racquetball courts. Langdon knew of course what the glass-walled enclosures were. He was not surprised to see them; humidity and heat eroded ancient vellums and parchments, and proper preservation required hermitic vaults like these – airtight cubicles that kept out humidity and natural acids in the air. Langdon had been inside hermetic vaults many times, but it was always an unsettling experience†¦ something about entering an airtight container where the oxygen was regulated by a reference librarian. The vaults were dark, ghostly even, faintly outlined by tiny dome lights at the end of each stack. In the blackness of each cell, Langdon sensed the phantom giants, row upon row of towering stacks, laden with history. This was one hell of a collection. Vittoria also seemed dazzled. She stood beside him staring mutely at the giant transparent cubes. Time was short, and Langdon wasted none of it scanning the dimly lit room for a book catalog – a bound encyclopedia that cataloged the library’s collection. All he saw was the glow of a handful of computer terminals dotting the room. â€Å"Looks like they’ve got a Biblion. Their index is computerized.† Vittoria looked hopeful. â€Å"That should speed things up.† Langdon wished he shared her enthusiasm, but he sensed this was bad news. He walked to a terminal and began typing. His fears were instantly confirmed. â€Å"The old-fashioned method would have been better.† â€Å"Why?† He stepped back from the monitor. â€Å"Because real books don’t have password protection. I don’t suppose physicists are natural born hackers?† Vittoria shook her head. â€Å"I can open oysters, that’s about it.† Langdon took a deep breath and turned to face the eerie collection of diaphanous vaults. He walked to the nearest one and squinted into the dim interior. Inside the glass were amorphous shapes Langdon recognized as the usual bookshelves, parchment bins, and examination tables. He looked up at the indicator tabs glowing at the end of each stack. As in all libraries, the tabs indicated the contents of that row. He read the headings as he moved down the transparent barrier. Pietro Il Erimito†¦ Le Crociate†¦ Urbano II†¦ Levant†¦ â€Å"They’re labeled,† he said, still walking. â€Å"But it’s not alpha-author.† He wasn’t surprised. Ancient archives were almost never cataloged alphabetically because so many of the authors were unknown. Titles didn’t work either because many historical documents were untitled letters or parchment fragments. Most cataloging was done chronologically. Disconcertingly, however, this arrangement did not appear to be chronological. Langdon felt precious time already slipping away. â€Å"Looks like the Vatican has its own system.† â€Å"What a surprise.† He examined the labels again. The documents spanned centuries, but all the keywords, he realized, were interrelated. â€Å"I think it’s a thematic classification.† â€Å"Thematic?† Vittoria said, sounding like a disapproving scientist. â€Å"Sounds inefficient.† Actually†¦ Langdon thought, considering it more closely. This may be the shrewdest cataloging I’ve ever seen. He had always urged his students to understand the overall tones and motifs of an artistic period rather than getting lost in the minutia of dates and specific works. The Vatican Archives, it seemed, were cataloged on a similar philosophy. Broad strokes†¦ â€Å"Everything in this vault,† Langdon said, feeling more confident now, â€Å"centuries of material, has to do with the Crusades. That’s this vault’s theme.† It was all here, he realized. Historical accounts, letters, artwork, socio-political data, modern analyses. All in one place†¦ encouraging a deeper understanding of a topic. Brilliant. Vittoria frowned. â€Å"But data can relate to multiple themes simultaneously.† â€Å"Which is why they cross-reference with proxy markers.† Langdon pointed through the glass to the colorful plastic tabs inserted among the documents. â€Å"Those indicate secondary documents located elsewhere with their primary themes.† â€Å"Sure,† she said, apparently letting it go. She put her hands on her hips and surveyed the enormous space. Then she looked at Langdon. â€Å"So, Professor, what’s the name of this Galileo thing we’re looking for?† Langdon couldn’t help but smile. He still couldn’t fathom that he was standing in this room. It’s in here, he thought. Somewhere in the dark, it’s waiting. â€Å"Follow me,† Langdon said. He started briskly down the first aisle, examining the indicator tabs of each vault. â€Å"Remember how I told you about the Path of Illumination? How the Illuminati recruited new members using an elaborate test?† â€Å"The treasure hunt,† Vittoria said, following closely. â€Å"The challenge the Illuminati had was that after they placed the markers, they needed some way to tell the scientific community the path existed. You read "Angels Demons Chapter 49-50" in category "Essay examples"† â€Å"Logical,† Vittoria said. â€Å"Otherwise nobody would know to look for it.† â€Å"Yes, and even if they knew the path existed, scientists would have no way of knowing where the path began. Rome is huge.† â€Å"Okay.† Langdon proceeded down the next aisle, scanning the tabs as he talked. â€Å"About fifteen years ago, some historians at the Sorbonne and I uncovered a series of Illuminati letters filled with references to the segno.† â€Å"The sign. The announcement about the path and where it began.† â€Å"Yes. And since then, plenty of Illuminati academics, myself included, have uncovered other references to the segno. It is accepted theory now that the clue exists and that Galileo mass distributed it to the scientific community without the Vatican ever knowing.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"We’re not sure, but most likely printed publications. He published many books and newsletters over the years.† â€Å"That the Vatican no doubt saw. Sounds dangerous.† â€Å"True. Nonetheless the segno was distributed.† â€Å"But nobody has ever actually found it?† â€Å"No. Oddly though, wherever allusions to the segno appear – Masonic diaries, ancient scientific journals, Illuminati letters – it is often referred to by a number.† â€Å"666?† Langdon smiled. â€Å"Actually it’s 503.† â€Å"Meaning?† â€Å"None of us could ever figure it out. I became fascinated with 503, trying everything to find meaning in the number – numerology, map references, latitudes.† Langdon reached the end of the aisle, turned the corner, and hurried to scan the next row of tabs as he spoke. â€Å"For many years the only clue seemed to be that 503 began with the number five†¦ one of the sacred Illuminati digits.† He paused. â€Å"Something tells me you recently figured it out, and that’s why we’re here.† â€Å"Correct,† Langdon said, allowing himself a rare moment of pride in his work. â€Å"Are you familiar with a book by Galileo called Dialogo?† â€Å"Of course. Famous among scientists as the ultimate scientific sellout.† Sellout wasn’t quite the word Langdon would have used, but he knew what Vittoria meant. In the early 1630s, Galileo had wanted to publish a book endorsing the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system, but the Vatican would not permit the book’s release unless Galileo included equally persuasive evidence for the church’s geo centric model – a model Galileo knew to be dead wrong. Galileo had no choice but to acquiesce to the church’s demands and publish a book giving equal time to both the accurate and inaccurate models. â€Å"As you probably know,† Langdon said, â€Å"despite Galileo’s compromise, Dialogo was still seen as heretical, and the Vatican placed him under house arrest.† â€Å"No good deed goes unpunished.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"So true. And yet Galileo was persistent. While under house arrest, he secretly wrote a lesser-known manuscript that scholars often confuse with Dialogo. That book is called Discorsi.† Vittoria nodded. â€Å"I’ve heard of it. Discourses on the Tides.† Langdon stopped short, amazed she had heard of the obscure publication about planetary motion and its effect on the tides. â€Å"Hey,† she said, â€Å"you’re talking to an Italian marine physicist whose father worshiped Galileo.† Langdon laughed. Discorsi however was not what they were looking for. Langdon explained that Discorsi had not been Galileo’s only work while under house arrest. Historians believed he had also written an obscure booklet called Diagramma. â€Å"Diagramma della Verita,† Langdon said. â€Å"Diagram of Truth.† â€Å"Never heard of it.† â€Å"I’m not surprised. Diagramma was Galileo’s most secretive work – supposedly some sort of treatise on scientific facts he held to be true but was not allowed to share. Like some of Galileo’s previous manuscripts, Diagramma was smuggled out of Rome by a friend and quietly published in Holland. The booklet became wildly popular in the European scientific underground. Then the Vatican caught wind of it and went on a book-burning campaign.† Vittoria now looked intrigued. â€Å"And you think Diagramma contained the clue? The segno. The information about the Path of Illumination.† â€Å"Diagramma is how Galileo got the word out. That I’m sure of.† Langdon entered the third row of vaults and continued surveying the indicator tabs. â€Å"Archivists have been looking for a copy of Diagramma for years. But between the Vatican burnings and the booklet’s low permanence rating, the booklet has disappeared off the face of the earth.† â€Å"Permanence rating?† â€Å"Durability. Archivists rate documents one through ten for their structural integrity. Diagramma was printed on sedge papyrus. It’s like tissue paper. Life span of no more than a century.† â€Å"Why not something stronger?† â€Å"Galileo’s behest. To protect his followers. This way any scientists caught with a copy could simply drop it in water and the booklet would dissolve. It was great for destruction of evidence, but terrible for archivists. It is believed that only one copy of Diagramma survived beyond the eighteenth century.† â€Å"One?† Vittoria looked momentarily starstruck as she glanced around the room. â€Å"And it’s here?† â€Å"Confiscated from the Netherlands by the Vatican shortly after Galileo’s death. I’ve been petitioning to see it for years now. Ever since I realized what was in it.† As if reading Langdon’s mind, Vittoria moved across the aisle and began scanning the adjacent bay of vaults, doubling their pace. â€Å"Thanks,† he said. â€Å"Look for reference tabs that have anything to do with Galileo, science, scientists. You’ll know it when you see it.† â€Å"Okay, but you still haven’t told me how you figured out Diagramma contained the clue. It had something to do with the number you kept seeing in Illuminati letters? 503?† Langdon smiled. â€Å"Yes. It took some time, but I finally figured out that 503 is a simple code. It clearly points to Diagramma.† For an instant Langdon relived his moment of unexpected revelation: August 16. Two years ago. He was standing lakeside at the wedding of the son of a colleague. Bagpipes droned on the water as the wedding party made their unique entrance†¦ across the lake on a barge. The craft was festooned with flowers and wreaths. It carried a Roman numeral painted proudly on the hull – DCII. Puzzled by the marking Langdon asked the father of the bride, â€Å"What’s with 602?† â€Å"602?† Langdon pointed to the barge. â€Å"DCII is the Roman numeral for 602.† The man laughed. â€Å"That’s not a Roman numeral. That’s the name of the barge.† â€Å"The DCII?† The man nodded. â€Å"The Dick and Connie II.† Langdon felt sheepish. Dick and Connie were the wedding couple. The barge obviously had been named in their honor. â€Å"What happened to the DCI?† The man groaned. â€Å"It sank yesterday during the rehearsal luncheon.† Langdon laughed. â€Å"Sorry to hear that.† He looked back out at the barge. The DCII, he thought. Like a miniature QEII. A second later, it had hit him. Now Langdon turned to Vittoria. â€Å"503,† he said, â€Å"as I mentioned, is a code. It’s an Illuminati trick for concealing what was actually intended as a Roman numeral. The number 503 in Roman numerals is – â€Å" â€Å"DIII.† Langdon glanced up. â€Å"That was fast. Please don’t tell me you’re an Illuminata.† She laughed. â€Å"I use Roman numerals to codify pelagic strata.† Of course, Langdon thought. Don’t we all. Vittoria looked over. â€Å"So what is the meaning of DIII?† â€Å"DI and DII and DIII are very old abbreviations. They were used by ancient scientists to distinguish between the three Galilean documents most commonly confused. Vittoria drew a quick breath. â€Å"Dialogo†¦ Discorsi†¦ Diagramma.† â€Å"D-one. D-two. D-three. All scientific. All controversial. 503 is DIII. Diagramma. The third of his books.† Vittoria looked troubled. â€Å"But one thing still doesn’t make sense. If this segno, this clue, this advertisement about the Path of Illumination was really in Galileo’s Diagramma, why didn’t the Vatican see it when they repossessed all the copies?† â€Å"They may have seen it and not noticed. Remember the Illuminati markers? Hiding things in plain view? Dissimulation? The segno apparently was hidden the same way – in plain view. Invisible to those who were not looking for it. And also invisible to those who didn’t understand it.† â€Å"Meaning?† â€Å"Meaning Galileo hid it well. According to historic record, the segno was revealed in a mode the Illuminati called lingua pura.† â€Å"The pure language?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Mathematics?† â€Å"That’s my guess. Seems pretty obvious. Galileo was a scientist after all, and he was writing for scientists. Math would be a logical language in which to lay out the clue. The booklet is called Diagramma, so mathematical diagrams may also be part of the code.† Vittoria sounded only slightly more hopeful. â€Å"I suppose Galileo could have created some sort of mathematical code that went unnoticed by the clergy.† â€Å"You don’t sound sold,† Langdon said, moving down the row. â€Å"I’m not. Mainly because you aren’t. If you were so sure about DIII, why didn’t you publish? Then someone who did have access to the Vatican Archives could have come in here and checked out Diagramma a long time ago.† â€Å"I didn’t want to publish,† Langdon said. â€Å"I had worked hard to find the information and – † He stopped himself, embarrassed. â€Å"You wanted the glory.† Langdon felt himself flush. â€Å"In a manner of speaking. It’s just that – â€Å" â€Å"Don’t look so embarrassed. You’re talking to a scientist. Publish or perish. At CERN we call it ‘Substantiate or suffocate.’ â€Å" â€Å"It wasn’t only wanting to be the first. I was also concerned that if the wrong people found out about the information in Diagramma, it might disappear.† â€Å"The wrong people being the Vatican?† â€Å"Not that they are wrong, per se, but the church has always downplayed the Illuminati threat. In the early 1900s the Vatican went so far as to say the Illuminati were a figment of overactive imaginations. The clergy felt, and perhaps rightly so, that the last thing Christians needed to know was that there was a very powerful anti-Christian movement infiltrating their banks, politics, and universities.† Present tense, Robert, he reminded himself. There IS a powerful anti-Christian force infiltrating their banks, politics, and universities. â€Å"So you think the Vatican would have buried any evidence corroborating the Illuminati threat?† â€Å"Quite possibly. Any threat, real or imagined, weakens faith in the church’s power.† â€Å"One more question.† Vittoria stopped short and looked at him like he was an alien. â€Å"Are you serious?† Langdon stopped. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"I mean is this really your plan to save the day?† Langdon wasn’t sure whether he saw amused pity or sheer terror in her eyes. â€Å"You mean finding Diagramma?† â€Å"No, I mean finding Diagramma, locating a four-hundred-year-old segno, deciphering some mathematical code, and following an ancient trail of art that only the most brilliant scientists in history have ever been able to follow†¦ all in the next four hours.† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"I’m open to other suggestions.† 50 Robert Langdon stood outside Archive Vault 9 and read the labels on the stacks. Brahe†¦ Clavius†¦ Copernicus†¦ Kepler†¦ Newton†¦ As he read the names again, he felt a sudden uneasiness. Here are the scientists†¦ but where is Galileo? He turned to Vittoria, who was checking the contents of a nearby vault. â€Å"I found the right theme, but Galileo’s missing.† â€Å"No he isn’t,† she said, frowning as she motioned to the next vault. â€Å"He’s over here. But I hope you brought your reading glasses, because this entire vault is his.† Langdon ran over. Vittoria was right. Every indictor tab in Vault 10 carried the same keyword. Il Proceso Galileano Langdon let out a low whistle, now realizing why Galileo had his own vault. â€Å"The Galileo Affair,† he marveled, peering through the glass at the dark outlines of the stacks. â€Å"The longest and most expensive legal proceeding in Vatican history. Fourteen years and six hundred million lire. It’s all here.† â€Å"Have a few legal documents.† â€Å"I guess lawyers haven’t evolved much over the centuries.† â€Å"Neither have sharks.† Langdon strode to a large yellow button on the side of the vault. He pressed it, and a bank of overhead lights hummed on inside. The lights were deep red, turning the cube into a glowing crimson cell†¦ a maze of towering shelves. â€Å"My God,† Vittoria said, looking spooked. â€Å"Are we tanning or working?† â€Å"Parchment and vellum fades, so vault lighting is always done with dark lights.† â€Å"You could go mad in here.† Or worse, Langdon thought, moving toward the vault’s sole entrance. â€Å"A quick word of warning. Oxygen is an oxidant, so hermetic vaults contain very little of it. It’s a partial vacuum inside. Your breathing will feel strained.† â€Å"Hey, if old cardinals can survive it.† True, Langdon thought. May we be as lucky. The vault entrance was a single electronic revolving door. Langdon noted the common arrangement of four access buttons on the door’s inner shaft, one accessible from each compartment. When a button was pressed, the motorized door would kick into gear and make the conventional half rotation before grinding to a halt – a standard procedure to preserve the integrity of the inner atmosphere. â€Å"After I’m in,† Langdon said, â€Å"just press the button and follow me through. There’s only eight percent humidity inside, so be prepared to feel some dry mouth.† Langdon stepped into the rotating compartment and pressed the button. The door buzzed loudly and began to rotate. As he followed its motion, Langdon prepared his body for the physical shock that always accompanied the first few seconds in a hermetic vault. Entering a sealed archive was like going from sea level to 20,000 feet in an instant. Nausea and light-headedness were not uncommon. Double vision, double over, he reminded himself, quoting the archivist’s mantra. Langdon felt his ears pop. There was a hiss of air, and the door spun to a stop. He was in. Langdon’s first realization was that the air inside was thinner than he had anticipated. The Vatican, it seemed, took their archives a bit more seriously than most. Langdon fought the gag reflex and relaxed his chest while his pulmonary capillaries dilated. The tightness passed quickly. Enter the Dolphin, he mused, gratified his fifty laps a day were good for something. Breathing more normally now, he looked around the vault. Despite the transparent outer walls, he felt a familiar anxiety. I’m in a box, he thought. A blood red box. The door buzzed behind him, and Langdon turned to watch Vittoria enter. When she arrived inside, her eyes immediately began watering, and she started breathing heavily. â€Å"Give it a minute,† Langdon said. â€Å"If you get light-headed, bend over.† â€Å"I†¦ feel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Vittoria choked, â€Å"like I’m†¦ scuba diving†¦ with the wrong†¦ mixture.† Langdon waited for her to acclimatize. He knew she would be fine. Vittoria Vetra was obviously in terrific shape, nothing like the doddering ancient Radcliffe alumnae Langdon had once squired through Widener Library’s hermetic vault. The tour had ended with Langdon giving mouth-to-mouth to an old woman who’d almost aspirated her false teeth. â€Å"Feeling better?† he asked. Vittoria nodded. â€Å"I rode your damn space plane, so I thought I owed you.† This brought a smile. â€Å"Touche.† Langdon reached into the box beside the door and extracted some white cotton gloves. â€Å"Formal affair?† Vittoria asked. â€Å"Finger acid. We can’t handle the documents without them. You’ll need a pair.† Vittoria donned some gloves. â€Å"How long do we have?† Langdon checked his Mickey Mouse watch. â€Å"It’s just past seven.† â€Å"We have to find this thing within the hour.† â€Å"Actually,† Langdon said, â€Å"we don’t have that kind of time.† He pointed overhead to a filtered duct. â€Å"Normally the curator would turn on a reoxygenation system when someone is inside the vault. Not today. Twenty minutes, we’ll both be sucking wind.† Vittoria blanched noticeably in the reddish glow. Langdon smiled and smoothed his gloves. â€Å"Substantiate or suffocate, Ms. Vetra. Mickey’s ticking.† How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 49-50, Essay examples

Marketing Environment of Intrepid Travel-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Management Marketing in Intrepid Travel Group. Answer: Introduction Intrepid Travel Group is an adventure travel organization which is based in Melbourne, Australia. The company was originated in the year 1988 and it was the biggest division of the PEAK Adventure Travel Group and it was also a joint venture of the Intrepid Travel Group and the TUI Group. Under this alliance many countries became a part; further the company was separated with this joint venture in the year 2015 in order to initiate expansion (Intrepid Travels 2017). So, considering from that period it shall be noted that organization became the most successful organization in the field of travel. Many marketing strategies were adopted by the company to help people gain knowledge about the company and its functioning in the target market. The purpose of this report is to provide a brief overview about the marketing mix of Intrepid Travel Company and competitive analysis and the sustainability practices adopted by the company to sustain their growth n the target market. More details abo ut the task discussed below: Organizational Objectives Adventure Travel is regarded as one of the most important aspect present in the travel industry. The organization which is discussed in the report engages their activity in this sector of the industry. The organization initiates their activities in this sector as it provide them advantage to grow and earn profits. In order to earn profit, the organization initiates activities which provide maximum level of satisfaction to customers and real life experiences as well (Percy 2014). The major aim of the company is to provide real life experiences to people by providing their share in various social care activities implemented with respect to the nature. Furthermore, one important fact shall be noted that the organization Intrepid organization does not initiate their process to gain profits; instead they initiate their activities focusing on protection to the human rights and the nature as well. Development of the society is the major aim of the organization in the target market; resultin g to which, major portion of the company is invested in operating these activities only. Apart from environmental development, the organization is also a customer focused company which initiates their activities to enhance the efficiency of their travellers so that their business is expanded in various parts of the world (Kumar, and Christodoulopoulou 2014). The vision statement developed by the company is that they need to fulfill the needs of the travellers and initiate development of customer relationship as well. Also the company wants to maintain a fixed and solid position in the target market with respected to that the organization has adopted various innovative techniques in marketing strategies. Main Products, services, suppliers and customers of Intrepid The main products of the organization are linked with the adventure tourism industry. The organization is based in providing the real life experience of adventure tourism in the industry. This the major product served by the organization, apart from that the company is also involved in responsible tourism practices as their core value in their business operations. It is the service that the organization provides to make a social effect in the environment. Prevention of human rights and environment are the activities which are initiated by the organization for the purpose of nature. And with respect to travel services the organization provides transportation, local leader cum experts and accommodation etc. facilities to the customers (Hollensen 2015). The hotel, transportation industry, tour operation and industry travel agents etc. are few suppliers present in the industry without which no organization can initiate their activities effectively. As Intrepid organization is a part of travel industry where the company can only when they have effective connections worldwide. So, the organization is connected with such industries in order to maximize the satisfaction level of the employees. The company tied their business activities with various hotels and transportation services to provide effective services to their customers. These suppliers of the organization help them in gaining competitive edge in the target market (Armstrong, et. al., 2012). Target Audience The target audience of the company is those people who love travelling to new destinations and exploring the world. The people who believe in living real life experience are the main target of the company. Targeting is a strategy which is used by the organizations in order to identify the actual customers whom the company shall target in order to gain more and more sales for the company. Along with sales the company also aims to fulfill the organizational objective which includes may other factors apart from profit and revenue. Mainly the people who are very lively and want to get a break from their basic life routine to embrace the beauty of nature are fit for the organization to target (Rosenbloom 2012). The company does not provide services which are luxurious and pompous; rather it ensures that the customers receive a pleasant and lively experience which connects them to the nature. Thus, the company provides such people tempting offers which they can utilize to travel around the world; they aim to provide offers which stratify them financially and provide satisfactory experiences as well. As the organization adopted various marketing techniques to target customers and deliver them services as well. Digital media and print media play a significant role in promoting the services provided by the organization. Being placed in a travel industry the organization needs to promote their product to gain maximum number of customers in the market, also advertisement helps the customers to know about the features of the company and services provided by them in the market (Mowforth, and Munt 2015). Apart from that the main motive of the organization is to provide satisfactorily services to the customers apart from profit gaining intention, so the promotion scheme of the organization provides a view to the target customer that what kind of services the company deliver. further in this way the organization target the adequate customers who matches to the services provided by the company Intrepid (Whitelaw, King, and Tolkach 2014.). Marketing Mix of Intrepid Product As discussed above the company provides services which satisfy the feel of adventurous people. Being situated in adventure tourism the organization mainly provides real life experience to the customers. The organization aims to maximize the level of satisfactions of the travellers traveling with them. Adventurous tourism is a crucial segment of the tourism industry, unlike other organization; this organization does not serve prime and luxury services and products to the customers in the market. Neither the organization target such customers who thrive for luxurious travelling, basically the company Intrepid is known for providing real life experiences to the travellers while travelling. This states that organization make people close to nature and make feel the real beauty not through artificial products (Juvan, and Dolnicar 2014). Furthermore, it shall be noted that the organization is more close to nature if compared to organizations due to which the company receives more degree of uncertainty and threat in the organizational structure. As the health of nature is now days depleting day by day due to which there is high degree of risk aligned with it, resulting to which, the company also provide adequate safety measure services to the customers so that they can experience a safe and pleasant experience with the company (Page 2014). The company has maintained adequate objective while travelling which are discussed below: Functions shall be performed in such a way that they create effect on the satisfaction level of customers along with the company as well. Local leaders appointed by the organization shall co-ordinate with local and understand the culture and heritage of the location. This will help them provide better level of satisfaction to the customers. Prevention of environmental and human right is the foremost important aspect which shall not be waive by any employee under any circumstances (Bramwell 2015). Price Pricing is not an issue for the company; their main objective is to increase the level of satisfaction for the customers. So in context the organization develops and implements a pricing strategy which target mass customers at a time provide who wants to attain such services. The company adopted the cost-leadership and competition based pricing strategy in their business which helps them to grow of overtime. This strategy was used in such a way that the company reduced their travel package which excited the customers to travel with the company due to which the company increased its sales as well. Due to this strategy the organization also earned the competitive edge in the market (Pomfret 2016). Further the cost-differentiated strategy also supported the competition strategy of the company. Also this strategy helped the organization to deal with its competitors in order to run in target market and develop connections as well. Thus, the pricing strategies initiated by the company held them to gain the target customers in the market and initiate sustainability in their actions as well (Intrepid Travels 2017). Place Specifications of place play a significant role in implementing activities in the Intrepid tourism industry. The company operates its functionalities at the famous place which are close to nature and the place which are mostly liked by the customers present in society. Such kind of places is the place where the company initiates its activities. Furthermore it shall be noted that as the company Intrepid is customer centric so all the activities initiated in the management lie travel packages, offers, accommodation and based on their preference only. So, the place aspect depends upon the preference of the customers that were they want to travel (Wilks, Stephen, and Moore 2013). Another aspect is the connection of the company with other suppliers present in the market. Looking at the market analysis it shall be noted that the organization chooses the place to travel according to their relation with different companies and people present in different locations around the world. Promotion Promotion is regarded as one of the most important aspect which helps the companies present in the tourism industry to grow with a rapid speed. Promotion of the company helps the customers to know about the features of the company and activities provided by hem in market. With such information the customer can easily compare it with different competitors present in the market and chose the right company which can fulfill their requirements (Hardiman, and Burgin 2017). Also the promotional strategy of the company helps them to communicate their vision and mission with the target customers and increase their sales rapidly. This process improves the brand image of the company as it helps the customers to gain trust on their activities in grow in the global market. Digital media and print media are the ways through which the company promotes its activities in the target market. For companies like Intrepid, promotion is the basic source to target more and more customers from different geographical boundaries. So the company invests a huge amount in promoting the product and their objectives in the target market (Wood 2017). Comparative Analysis with competitors Competitors are those people who are involve in providing same type of services to the target customers in the same industry. Competitors of Intrepid are Austin Adventure, G Adventure, and Geographic Expeditions Adventurous Trips etc. further the comparison of the company with their rivals is discussed below: Product Just like Intrepid Tourism there are many other companies which are present in adventure tourism sector and provide almost same types of services to the customers. But the fact that makes the company different from its competitors is the Intrepid provide offers and packages available at affordable prices. This helps the company to gain competitive edge in the market. Price Talking about price, it shall be noted that the company does not focuses on gaining more and more profits like others; instead it focuses on maximizing the level of satisfaction of customers. Resulting to which provide their services at very affordable prices in the market (Peacock, et. al., 2017). Place The company is locate in total 100 countries and have a huge family of around 1600 employees working with them in more than 20 offices worldwide. So, it shall be noted that if compared to other competitors the company Intrepid holds more area and initiates diversified activities worldwide. Promotion Intrepid Travel is an Australia based company; Australia is a beautiful country where there are many places which are very close to nature. So, it gives the company plenty of opportunity to travel and expand their services. Resulting to which, the company adequately promote their services worldwide (Giddy, and Webb 2016). Recommendation Thus, it shall be recommended to the company that they shall adopt effective and efficient strategies to improve the target objective of the company. Also the organization shall aim to attain competitive edge in the market by developing promotional activities in the market. Further it shall be recommended to the company that they shall also focus on other ways of promotions to reach out to more and more people. This process will help them to create brand equity and flourish their business in international market as well. Lastly, the company support expansion activities in their business to provide more and more people their travelling adventure experiences. Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above-mentioned events the facts that shall be noted is that the organization Intrepid Company is an Australian organization which is part of tourism industry. The company is among one of the most prominent companies of Australia which provides adventurous services. Further the main motive of the company is to provide real life experience to the travellers travelling with them. Also they aim to protect the environment as well. Apart from that considering to competitors, the company gained advantage because of their qualitative marketing activities in the global market. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R., 2012, Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Bramwell, B., 2015. Theoretical activity in sustainable tourism research.Annals of Tourism Research,54, pp.204-218. Giddy, J.K. and Webb, N.L., 2016. The influence of the environment on motivations to participate in adventure tourism: The case of the Tsitsikamma.South African Geographical Journal,98(2), pp.351-366. Hardiman, N. and Burgin, S., 2017. Nature tourism trends in Australia with reference to the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,25(6), pp.732-745. Hollensen, S., 2015, Marketing management: A relationship approach, Pearson Education. Intrepid Travels. 2017. Expedition trips: Brand new off-map adventures. Viewed on December 12, 2017 from https://www.intrepidtravel.com/en/theme/expeditions Intrepid Travels. 2017. Small groups, big adventureswith Intrepid Travel. Viewed on December 12, 2017 from https://www.intrepidtravel.com/en Juvan, E. and Dolnicar, S., 2014. The attitudebehaviour gap in sustainable tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,48, pp.76-95. Kumar, V. and Christodoulopoulou, A., 2014. Sustainability and branding: An integrated perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), pp.6-15. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Page, S.J., 2014.Tourism management. Routledge. Peacock, S., Brymer, E., Davids, K. and Dillon, M., 2017. An Ecological Dynamics Perspective on Adventure Tourism.Tourism Review International,21(3), pp.307-316. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge Pomfret, G.C., 2016.An exploration of adventure tourism participation and consumption(Doctoral dissertation, Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom)). Rosenbloom, B., 2012, Marketing channels, Cengage Learning. Whitelaw, P.A., King, B.E. and Tolkach, D., 2014. Protected areas, conservation and tourismfinancing the sustainable dream.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(4), pp.584-603. Wilks, J., Stephen, J. and Moore, F. eds., 2013.Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium. Routledge. Wood, C., 2017. Travel, roads, risks and volunteers.Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change,15(5), pp.490-498

Execution Of Juveniles Essays - Legal Procedure, Trial As An Adult

Execution Of Juveniles Adult Punishment and Juvenile Justice Day after day in this country there is a debate going on about the death penalty and whether we as people have the right to decide the fate of another persons life. When we examine this issue we usually consider those we are arguing about to be older men and women who are more than likely hardened criminals with rap sheets longer than the height we stand (Farley & Willwerth, 1998). They have made a career of crime, committing it rather than studying it, and somewhere along the line a jury of their peers decided enough was enough. They were handed down the most severe and most final punishment of them all, death. Behind all of the controversy that this issue raises lies a different group of people that are not so often brought into the lime light, juveniles. This proposes a problem entangled with another; if we do decide to carry out death sentences, what is the minimum age limit? Can we electrocute, lethally inject, or gas any one who commits a crime that is considered capital? In this paper the issue of capital punishment for juveniles will be discussed, basically laying out a comprehensive look at the matter. First we will briefly look at the history of both juvenile justice and the history of the death penalty in regards to juveniles. Secondly we will take a short look at the two major court cases that dealt with this issue in the United States. Next this paper will present the factual statistics of the death penalty for juveniles and also take a look at our countrys stance on the issue in the international arena. We will then spend a short time looking at some views on the juvenile death penalty, reasons for the death penalty itself, and the arguments for and against the death penalty for juveniles. Lastly we will conclude with a few thoughts about the issue and the implications that we might have to consider. The history of the death penalty being imposed on juveniles spans all the way back to almost the beginning of our country. In 1642, Thomas Graunger of Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts, was the first juvenile, to be sentenced to death and executed in our country for a crime that he committed (Executions, 2000). Since the start of capital punishment (or the recording thereof) in 1608, there has been around 19,200 executions in the United States of all ages. Of that total number, experts believe approximately 356 of them were juvenile executions, meaning that the crime that the individual was sentenced for took place before the offender was eighteen years of age (Gonnerman, 2000). This accounts for about 1.8% of all executions from the start of capital punishment to present (Executions, 2000). Since 1973 there has been 196 death sentences handed out to juveniles and seventeen of those have ended in actual execution (Streib, 2000). Table 1 lists those seventeen individuals that have been executed since 1973, their date and place of execution, their race, and their age both when they committed their crime and when they were executed. The juvenile justice system was born in 1899 at which time it was recognized as separate from the regular justice system that dealt with adult offenders (Ricotta, 1988). At the start, the stated objectives of the juvenile justice system was ...to provide measures of guidance and rehabilitation for the child and protection for society, not to fix criminal responsibility, guilt, and punishment (Ricotta, 1988). By the stated objectives it would seem as though rehabilitation would be one of the most important goals of the juvenile system. So how are we able to decide now that a teenager is past the point of rehabilitation and deserves the final punishment? Or does the obligation to protect society become more overwhelming and leave us with no other option but to put someone to death? These are just a few questions that one might ask about our present goals in comparison to the initial goals that were established from the start. Next we will discuss the two pivotal court cases that set the precedent for our current juvenile death penalty statutes. William Wayne Thompson, only fifteen years of age, and three older persons were all found guilty of first degree murder back in December of 1983. He was convicted of murdering his brother-in-law in a most heinous, atrocious, and cruel (Ricotta, 1988) way. After the district court decided that their was no reasonable prospects for rehabilitation (Ricotta, 1988) it was decided that he would be tried as an adult. The Supreme Court of the United States had to decide

Principles of Plain English

Principles of Plain English Principles of Plain English Principles of Plain English By Mark Nichol Perspicuous written communication is fundamental in every aspect of human interaction or should I say, â€Å"Clear writing is important whenever people interact†? If I support the triumph of plain English over byzantine jargon and sesquipedalianism, I should. But rather than explain what plain English is, I’ll state what it isn’t: It isn’t all about short sentences. It isn’t all about single-syllable words. It isn’t elimination of elaboration at the expense of erudition. (I mean, it isn’t dumbing down.) Here are five areas in which plain English is, fortunately, making inroads: Business Remember when you saw a delivery truck or a repair van and could tell which products or services it carried or facilitated? That’s still often the case, especially with known brands, but how many times have you read text printed on such a vehicle and scratched your head, wondering, â€Å"What business is that business in?† Freight companies used to do â€Å"trucking,† then they provided â€Å"delivery solutions†; now, they’re all about â€Å"logistics.† But they’re still in the business of moving things from point A to point B. Many vehicles, however, especially those in the fleets of high-tech companies, either don’t offer any information other than the company name and a phone number (and perhaps a URL), or the van is labeled with meaningless phrases about â€Å"solutions† and â€Å"logistics.† Don’t these companies want potential customers and clients to know what they offer? Stationary corporate communications, including Web site copy, press releases, and mission statements, frequently fail to enlighten the target audience as well. Some companies, though, make an effort to deliver their messages with simple, straightforward language. Government Federal, state, and local government agencies have long been notorious for obfuscating official documents: In their efforts to project an air of authority (in more than one sense of the word), many government employees have produced reams of often impenetrable prose. Fortunately, the federal Plain Writing Act and two subsequent executive orders require government-issued publications to be written in simple, easy-to-understand English. Law It’s a cynical sentiment that the notorious density of legal documents is calculated to perpetuate the need for lawyers, but it’s hard to avoid feeling that way when confronted with an oxymoronically named brief or a contract that’s anything but contracted. Some attorneys will argue that legal writing requires precision and specificity of language, but that is a poor defense of gratuitously complex language employed when the supposed intent is to make the subject matter as transparent as possible. Many lawyers, however, now opt to write in simple sentences and avoid legal jargon. Law Enforcement You’ve seen it time and time again: The chief of police, or a spokesperson, drones on about how an investigation was carried out or how a crisis is being handled. Attempting to appear official and in control of the situation, the speaker overwhelms listeners with jarring jargon and multisyllabic meanderings. Police reports, similarly, often stiffly, obscurely relate simple sequences of events in a style that complicates rather than communicates. Now, fortunately, law enforcement agencies are turning to resources like the handbook Plain English for Cops to help personnel write simple, clear accounts. Academia and Scholarship Many academics, including those who write for popular audiences, write clearly and well, but just as many more seem to try to outdo their colleagues in trying to write journal articles and other scholarly documents in a style as bafflingly complicated and convoluted as possible and in doing so, are poor role models for younger professors, graduate assistants, and other students who read their research. As with other authority figures, researchers in the natural sciences and the social sciences alike often seem to below that dense prose enhances their expertise. Rationales for Rational Writing Bryan Garner, the dean of clear writing (and author of the authoritative yet coherent guidebook Garner’s Modern American Usage), offers these four motivations for writers to favor simple writing: 1. Writers of complex prose risk confusing themselves as well as others. 2. Reading complex prose is more time-consuming than reading plain English. 3. Writing plain English is hard work, and thus, if writers feel that they must labor to succeed in their efforts, clear writing is a well-earned achievement. 4. Clarity is the primary goal of writing. Again, these arguments should not discourage eloquence, and I admit that I sometimes indulge in overwrought writing (usually, for I hope is humorous effect). But join me in trying these tips: 1. Ask yourself whether curt, clear Anglo-Saxon vocabulary might be more suitable than Latinate language in any given passage. 2. Don’t avoid subordinate clauses or parenthetical phrases, but keep them to a minimum, and keep each one succinct. 3. Monitor your musings for redundancy and other enemies of conciseness. 4. Consider your audience when determining the degree of formality you will adopt in a given piece of writing. 5. Be cautious about incorporating jargon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Story Writing 101Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Business enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business enviroment - Essay Example The micro level or the task environment consist of the competitive forces and the environmental uncertainty and external stakeholders of a business. The relationship of a company with its external environment is difficult. As such, it is important for all types of companies to have an understanding of the way in which the external environment functions and changes. The external environment of any company is an essential driver of the success or failure of the company because they support the five main objectives of any company which are survival, growth, profitability, efficiency and stability. The constraints and opportunities in the external environment of a business are significant factors that can impact a business. Also, the external environment is a multifaceted and dynamic environment which undergoes continuous change. So, in order to remain in competition and sustain, a company has to essentially analyse the external business environment in a regular manner. PEST analysis is an important strategic management tool used by companies to analyse the external business environment. The PEST analysis includes an analysis of the political, economic, social and technological factors in the external environment that may directly or indirectly impact the survival, growth and profitability of a company. Bianchi will uses the PEST analysis tool to understand the political, economic, social and technological environment prevailing in the United Kingdom. The company can also use the tool to calculate the opportunities and threats in the external business environment of the United Kingdom bicycle industry. PEST analysis is a necessary analysis to conduct by any business when it plans to enter into a new market. Therefore, it is also necessary for Bianchi to uses the tool before taking decisions for expanding its business into the United Kingdom market. The existing situations in the external business environment can

Revolutions in the West Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Revolutions in the West - Assignment Example With reference to Singer’s views, this paper aims to critically analyze and give views as to what can be termed ethical and justified with regard to such questions. In the process of establishing whether we should give aid or not to the poor, some people feel that giving aid helps only in increasing the number of people in the world. The end result is that more people end up in poverty (Dower, 1991). This argument seems a selfish one as the proponents view it as an increase in the global ecological catastrophes. When looked at empirically, then it would emerge that once basic developments are achieved in an individual’s life, population growth slows down (Dower, 1991). As well, being that global ecological dangers are connected to underdevelopment issues, affluence remains the only thing to be addressed (Dower, 1991). Whether this view would hold water with respect to giving aid to poorer countries and people, an analysis of Singer’s views would be critical. The question of whether wealthy people in affluent countries have a moral duty or not to help poor people in developing countries is a debate that Singer responds to by saying that we have an obligation to assist (Singer 172, 239). Considering the example he gives concerning a baby trapped in a pond, his premise and conclusion stand out both controversial and uncontroversial. A better analysis of whether this conclusion holds water or not shows starts by first examining the point of view that Singer gives (Singer 172, 239). Singer argues that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, we should go ahead and do so by sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance. This is one view that would win the opinion of consequentialists and on the other hand repel those of nonconsequatentialists (Singer 172, 240). In his view, the conclusion he has can in a large way

Evaluating Theories of Motivation in Project Management

Evaluating Theories of Motivation in Project Management Introduction Banking sector continues to be one of the most important economic sectors and one of the most rapid growing businesses in Albania in the last 10 year (Bank of Albania, 2010, www.bankofalbania.org ). Societe Generale Albania (SGAL), previously named Banka Popullore, started its activity on 1st of March 2004. In April 2007, Societe Generale Group acquired 75.01% of the shares of this bank. SGAL has its head office in Tirana and is present allover Albania with 41 operation branches. At the end of 2009, the bank had 379 employees, both Albanian and French nationality (Annual Report 2009, 2010, www.societegenerale.al ). The case study Being one of the most important economic sectors has created enough space for operation of 17 Banks in a relatively small market like Albania. With such a high competition it is very important that banks stay always in line with economic developments and react fast toward customer needs for new products or adaptation. Societe Genereale Albania Bank is quite small and there are frequently high pressures for sharing resources in order to complete in time and with budget different operational or business initiatives. These needs has made mandatory for bank management to apply a matrix organizational layout. Matrix organizational structures are quite complicated when it comes to management and control of staff performance. They bring the employee in front of two managers, the usual department manager and the temporary project manager. There a lot of researches and studies for motivation in standard organizational structure, but the topic is considered as less explored when it comes to project management (Dwivedula and Bredillet, 2009). Theories of motivations Motivation is the driving force within individuals that compels them physiologically and psychologically to pursue one or more goals to fulfill their needs or expectations, (Lam and Tang, 2003). There are currently a lot of theories to explain the nature of motivation and help mangers on addressing it according to their needs. These theories do not conflict between them, which means the manager can use any of them or even combine them (Birnberg, Luft and Shields, 2007). This assignment will be focused in two theories; The hierarchy of needs as one of the first ones and most well known by all kind of managers and the dual-structure theory since it was developed based on a research on engineers and accounts, which is about the same environment and employee nature as in SGAL Bank. Another reason for selecting these theories is the fact that both of them have as a starting point the fulfillment of basic human needs and in the development countries we meet a high demand of these needs. The Hierarchy of Needs The theory is well known and was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1940. According to this theory the needs are organized in five main groups of needs that stay together in the form of a pyramid (Maslow, 1943): Physiological Needs; they stay in the bottom of the pyramid and include the basic needs of every human being such as: the need for food, drink, education, medical care, etc. Every organization can provide these needs by providing good working condition and a salary to their employees. Security Needs; includes the need for feeling safe and secure, having a secure job, having a home and a future. The organization can satisfy these needs by offering job continuity, health insurance and retirement plans. Belongingness Needs; includes the needs of humans to love and be loved, to be accepted by others, to take and give friendship. Most of this needs get satisfied by the family ties, but this is not enough since we spend a considerable time of our life in our works. Managers and direct supervisors can play a significant role to satisfy these needs by encouraging the work in group, enhance their communication with employees and provided basis for social interaction between employees. Esteem Needs; the needs of this group can be divided into two major needs, the need for self respect and the need for being respected by others. Both department managers and project managers can satisfy this by giving the staff a job title, awards, recognition of merits, benefits etc. Self-Actualization Needs; is the highest level of the hierarchy and includes the need we have to be the one we want to be in order to be self fulfilled. If all the other levels of the hierarchy are fully satisfied, it does not remain a lot for the managers to do to satisfy this need. All they need to take care is to make sure the individual has a challenging job and that other needs of lower level do not become deficient. According to the theory the needs of each level should be satisfied before going to the next level until we reach the self-actualization needs, however if during our road to the top of hierarchy, a lower level of need become deficient again, the individual returns to that level (Moorhead and Griffin, 1995). Despite the fact that the theory is well recognized among many organization and managers due to the intuitive logic and easy understanding, the theory is not fully validated either by Maslow or any other research, in contrary many deficiencies have been identified (Wahba and Bridwell, 1976) The most common criticism is the limited number of people used in his research and coming out with conclusions which applies to everybody (Boeree, 2006, http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html). Such a conclusion of course does not look very scientific. Another important one are the constrains that Maslow put on the self-actualization. He pointed out that the self actualization is in the top of his hierarchy and can be reached only when all the other needs are satisfy. In opposite to this there are many examples where people show outputs of self-actualization by being fare from fulfillment of their basic or belongingness needs (examples of artists and scientist). It is important to mention that if we carefully evaluate the hierarchy we see that the most basic needs, up to the third level, are usually satisfied by the government and/or organization rules and regulation. If we go up in the hierarchy of needs, we see that there are direct supervisors and team members who help to satisfy the needs and turn them in motivators for improving job performance. The Dual-Structure Theory The theory was developed by Herzberg on late 1950s based on a research with a couple of hundred engineers and accounts (Herzberg, 1968). The finding of this research proved that different set of factors were connected with different feelings about work. The motivation of an employee goes in a two step process, first satisfying the employee (eliminate any factor which may bring dissatisfaction, fulfill the hygiene factors) and second go with motivation factors. The motivation factors would result at the end with satisfied and motivated employees who can have a long term and positive job performance. The hygiene factors (salary, company policies, competence, interpersonal relations, working conditions, etc) when they exist, they are in placed by the company strategy and/or governments rules and they are not directly related to the performance and ability of the employee. In opposite with them, the employee can get the motivation factors (recognition, achievement, work itself, advancement, and responsibility) by his involvement and his work but also by the ability of his manager to give them (McCrimmon, 2008). The combination of these factors can set employee in four situations (Herzberg, 1987): Satisfied and motivated employee. It is a target situation for having the best performance, there is not a lot to be done if you have employee being in this status. Satisfied but not motivated. If the employees are in this status, it means the hygiene factors are all accomplished and the managers should find the way to apply motivation factors and change the status; otherwise the de-motivated employee will bring low productivity and bad quality. Not satisfied but motivated. In this case it is the company who should change its policies and rules and try to change the situation. An employee is not expected to stay longer in this status. Not satisfied and not motivated. The worst situation, both company and managers have a lot to do. These employees will bring to the business apart from the low productivity and bad quality a lot of complains, strikes and no communication. The theory has been analyzed more than any other theory in the field of organizational behavior (Pinder, 1998) and the results are quite contradictory. Studies and researchers which use the same method support the theory, other ones criticize it for the research population used, which is limited only to accountants and engineers. The theory does not take into account the individual differences, since a motivation factor can depend on individual age and/or organizational model (House and Wigdor, 1967). Herzbergs theory states that money does not motivate employees but only satisfies them (Herzberg, 1968), due to this statement the theory is widely discussed and analyzed in studies and researches about the rewarding and motivation (Beel, 2007).The rewords supporters are totally against it and they say it does not have evidences to prove that money is not a motivation. Another aspect of critics is the fact that the theory does not take in consideration the circumstances, what does motivate an employee today, not necessary satisfy and motivate another one tomorrow (Robbins, 2005). Visual presentation of the dual structure theory (http://www.tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg.asp, Nov 2010) As displayed in this graphic the theory goes though two major phases, first eliminate the dissatisfaction by providing all the hygiene factors and then start applying motivation factors and have motivated employee and high performance. Motivation in Project management PRINCE2 manual defines a project as: a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified business case. Another definition is: a temporary organization that is needed to produce a unique and pre-define outcome or result at a pre-specified time using pre-determined resources. Being a temporary organization and with specific targets, the project organization is a different structure than a normal organization unit and different rules and practices are applied in every aspect of organizational behavior, including motivation. Description of case study In 2008, Societe Generale Albania started a fifteen months project for migration of existing core banking system. The project team was composed by more than twenty high qualified employees coming from different departments and sectors, different education and different professional background. Many different positions were defined as part of the project such as; translators, business analysts, IT developers, organization and even a public relationship specialist. The bank knew since the beginning that such a challenging and multidimensional project could not succeed within the specified time and budget without a motivated team. To achieve a motivated team, SGAL manly considered the assumption that people are motivated by money. This assuming was coming from their experience with the sales force in the branch network and missing of experience on running projects. They provided project staff with a simple bonus schema based on their performance with a maximum of one monthly salary. The bonus was delivered once in the middle of the project and once in the end of it. In addition to this bank has tried to provide good working condition, apply policy on compensation and benefit, apply payment of social and health insurances, apply Global Employee Share Ownership program, so staff has not only the status of employee but also have a shareholder status (BHFM/SGO/REF, 2007), and also apply some flexibility working hours. Analysis It is important to highlight since the beginning that motivation in project is different from motivation in standard organization infrastructure. There are 2 major differences (Schmid Adams, 2008), the first one is related to the fact that in projects, tasks and leaders are temporary. Considering that projects are a temporary organization, than can a project manager do something to motivate its employee, even if the organization motivation is not in the required level? The second difference is that each project goes through some main phases; planning, executing, monitoring and closing, so different factors should be used to motivate the team in different project statuses. If we get back and see, company has already addressed most of the hygiene factors, but because of the no experience on the field the bank has totally under evaluated the job security factor. A few months before the end of the project, two key persons, data migration manager and accounting business analyst resign from the project. The main reasons for that were the missing of a clear view for their position in the bank at the end of the project and continues overload. According to the Herzberg theory, if job security factor is not addressed the result is to have dissatisfied employee, and a dissatisfied employee can not stay with the company for a long period and either have a good performance. There are two issues coming from this: the management of the bank failed to provide the security for the job continuity and the project manager failed to plan a proper work-life balance and properly manage the overload. Failing in providing these factors had become precedent for staff leaving the project and the company just before the closing phase of the project and causing delays and increase lack of self-confidence among other members. As a result of this, high qualified staff found themselves de-motivated. If we go up in the hierarchy of needs we dont see evidences for fulfill the social needs of the project team. SGAL management did not organize any social activities during the project. Only at the end of the project, when the success was evident, the company organized a party. The project management from the other side attempted to do some socialization between team members, but that was on a limited number of people and not on regular basis. According to Dwivedula and Bredillet (2010) a positive work climate of the group is achieved when all members have task interdependence, one common objective to achieve and of course a good relationship and constant communication with each other. Social activities are important to have a positive work environment, but the project manager has to be very careful and evaluate each situation so, if one person intrinsic motivation is alienated then it may bring the spillover effect and de-motivated the entire team (Schmid and Admas, 2008). From Herzberg dual-structure theory we know that satisfied employee is not enough to have motivated employee. Project and organization management had addressed the recognitions and achievements factors by establishing an internal magazine distributed monthly to all bank staff and fully dedicated to the project team and their achievements. We indicated above that SGAL management allowed some of the project team members to have flexible working hours, this was a very positive thing, which properly addresses the status factor by making them fill different and appreciated. How where the staff selected to be part of the project? Where they volunteering or just appointed without their will? Most of the team was appointed to the project. According to a research made by Aller, Lyth and Mallak (2008) the creation of project team using co-mingling method (volunteering to the project positions) gives an interest and motivated team. By selecting this method there are also chances that the project staff has the appropriate skills and abilities to make the job. Despite the fact that this research is addressed to the setup of teams in university projects, it can be useful and applicable in creation of every project team. When used and combined with other methods this would help on achieving of a high job satisfaction level of the team members. Conclusion Employee performance is determined by three main components: ability to do the job; work environment; and motivation (Griffin, 1990, p.437) The first two ones can be better addressed by the permanent organization of the bank as most probably they need time and investments. Staff not being able to perform an activity may need to be trained to do so, good working environment also need investments and time to be in placed. Motivation from the other side is something which can immediately improve the performance if managed properly. Projects by definition are a temporary organization; this automatically excludes or reduces them from addressing ability and work environment and totally focus on the motivation. To motivate staff means to provide them with a motive to do the tasks. A successful project manager is somebody who is able to find the motives which apply to each employee and turn them from common worker to extraordinary ones. Maslows hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs dual-structure theory are valid models of motivation in project management and in development countries. These models should not be seen as frozen theories; they should be properly evaluated, used and interpreted by each project manager to stimulate team members, growth their individual development, reach projects goals and increase productivity in organization. However we should always keep in mind that some people may have exceptions form this hierarchy. The bank can help its project leader by performing surveys which would tell what the employees preferences for job motivation are. Often the strongest motivators for employee are the things they miss more in their job.